Umqulu I weMinnesotum Mare Clarum Iphupho laseMelika lenkululeko nobulungiswa
"Ngobuhle beminduze uKristu wazalwa ngaphesheya kolwandle, enenkazimulo esifubeni sakhe eguqula mina nawe: Njengoba wafela ukwenza abantu babe ngcwele, masifele ukwenza abantu bakhululeke. " - UJulia Ward Howe
Incwadi I - Minnesota ebalazweni
"Stephanus! Vuka!"
"Yini?" kubuza uStephanus ephuma ephusheni.
"Vuka!"
"Ungubani wena?" kubuza yena.
"Ngingumoya. Futhi ngilapha ukuzokukhombisa ikusasa lakho," kwafika impendulo.
"Kodwa kungani? Ungangibonisa kanjani ikusasa lami?
"Kuyintando yami," kuphendula uMoya.
"Kulungile. Yini ofuna ukungikhombisa yona?"
Ngifuna ukukukhombisa izwe elikude ogwini olukude.
"Ogwini? Usho ukuthi i-Mare Nostrum yethu noma ichibi elithile elingaphakathi nezwe?"
UStephana wayazi ukuthi iMedithera (okusho ukuthi iMare Nostrum ngesiLatini isho ukuthi 'ulwandle lwethu') yayinkulu kakhulu, futhi wayezwile kukhulunywa ngezindaba zasendulo zezindawo ezikude nedolobha lakhe.
"Angisho ukuthi i-Mare Nostrum."
"Kodwa yini?" UStephana wayedidekile.
"Awukhumbuli iphupho lakho lapho ngikuvusa?"
Leli phupho lalisekhunjulweni lakhe futhi uStephanus wazama ukumkhumbula.
"Ngikhumbula indawo ekude, ekude njengokungathi ngelinye izwe, elinamachibi amaningi. Leli gama lalibhalwe ngolimi olungaziwa. Futhi kuzwakala njenge-echo, noma inkondlo. Ngicabanga ukuthi igama lakhe kwakunguMinnesotum ... Minnesotum, Mare Clarum. "
"Ngabe lokho kunengqondo? Akucaci kimi njengamanje. "
"Uqinisile!" kusho uMoya. "I-Mare Nostrum yakho ayicacile, kepha imizimba yamanzi ekude izocacile. Kuyoba ngamanzi ahlanzekile. "
Amanzi ahlanzekile? Usho ukuthi uvela emithonjeni nemifula?
"Cha, la manzi ahlanzekile azoqhamuka ezingxenyeni ezinkulu zeqhwa ezivela phezulu komhlaba."
Manje ikhanda likaStephanus lalijikeleza njengeplanethi enkulu. Izingcezu ezinkulu zeqhwa? Angikwazi ukucabanga!"
"Kulungile," kwafika impendulo. "Awudingekile. Ngizokwenza kanjalo. "
Ukuphila e-Athene
UStephana wayehlala e-Athene eminyakeni yokuqala yeNkosi yethu ngo-5 AD. Intsha yamaGrikhi uStephanus yayikhuluma isiLatini ngoba i-Athene manje yayiyingxenye yeRiphabhulikhi yaseRoma—noMbuso—iminyaka engu-150.
Futhi manje ngisho noMoya wayekhuluma isiLatini! Eqinisweni, umhlaba wawushintsha ngokushesha. UStephanus uhlala e-oikos yase-Athene eyakhiwe nguyise, ogama lakhe linguNikias ngesiGreki lisho ukuthi "Ukunqoba."
Ukuwa nokukhuphuka kweRiphabhuliki
Kodwa ngokudabukisayo ama-Athene ayelahlekelwe nguhulumeni wawo kumaRoma futhi manje ayebuswa enye i-republic—iRiphabhuliki yaseRoma, nayo eyagumbuqelwa ojenene abanamandla abathi - ngaphandle kokuphikisana nanoma yinoma yiliphi izakhamizi - bamemezela ukuthi iRoma manje seyiMbuso. Amaphupho akho enkululeko alahlekile.
AmaRoma anqoba i-Athene ekhathele eMpini yaseKorinte ngo-150 BC ("Ngaphambi kukaKristu", owayesanda kuzalwa eminyakeni emihlanu eyedlule futhi manje wayehamba emhlabeni, edonsa ukunakwa okuningi). Kodwa-ke, ngalesi sikhathi umndeni unenceku, isiGreki, ogama lakhe linguTheron, owathengiswa kubo njengesigqila ngumbusi onqobayo amaRoma.
Umndeni wakwaNikias uhlala eduze koLwandle i-Aegean, futhi umama uTheano uphatha umndeni omncane, kufaka phakathi ukuthola wonke amanzi abawadingayo.
UNikias akayena isosha, unguthisha. Ufundisa izibalo ezintsha esikoleni esizimele saseGrisi. Idolobha lakhe i-Athene, umholi weGrisi lonke, wayethathe isinqumo sokwenza impi ukuze axoshe amaRoma. Yize kwaba kubi kubo, umqondo we-republic wathathwa ngamaRoma uqobo ngakho-ke kukhona lokho.
Eqinisweni, uTheron, inceku yomndeni wayefundisa uStephanus kusukela esemncane. UTheron wafundisa uStephanus izisekelo zokufunda nokubhala—ngesiLatini nesiGreki—kanye nezibalo (ama-R amathathu) futhi waxoxa naye ngemibuzo yokuziphatha neyokuziphatha. UTheron uyilungu elithembekile lomndeni.
Futhi kwaba yilapho uStephanus etshela iphupho lakhe ngoMinnesotum, uMare Clarum kuTheron futhi bobabili bahlala isikhashana, bezibuza.
Olunye uhlangothi
I-Novus Orbis
Kude futhi kungaziwa nguStephanus noma uyise—noma kubonakala sengathi kunoma ubani—kwakukhona amabhishi akude, nendawo ekhethekile. Indawo yemilingo enkabeni yalokho okwakuzoba yiNyakatho Melika. Indawo ebizwa ngokuthi iMinnesotum, iMare Clarum - egcwele amanzi ahlanzekile, ahlanzekile, njengoba amaNdiya aseMelika angayichaza.
Futhi yeka indaba leyo!
I-Minnesotum
Isiqalo kwaba isiphetho.
Hhayi nje umhlaba wabantu, kodwa KONKE OKUPHILAYO, kwaqothulwa ngokungenasihawu, kwachithwa phansi futhi kwaqhutshwa, nasemizimbeni yamanzi.
Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, inqwaba enkulu yamakhilomitha aphakeme yeqhwa neqhwa yavakashela izikhungo ezinkulu zabantu kulokho namuhla okuyiMinnesota futhi yaqeda konke—ukuhlanza imifula nemifudlana, nokunikeza le ndawo iHennepin / Anoka Counties, ikhaya laseMinneapolis; I-Ramsey / Dakota Counties, ikhaya laseSt. Paul (idolobha elidumile lesikebhe somfula iMississippi); IWashington County, ikhaya lalokho okwakuzoba yiStillwater eSt. Croix, indawo yokuzalwa yaseMinnesota Territory; I-Stearns County yaseSt. Cloud; kanye neSt. Louis County, ikhaya ledolobha elingaphakathi nezwe laseDuluth. Kulesi sifunda esivundile iqhwa elikhulu lahlanza i-tabula rasa, isilayidi esihlanzekile lapho umlando womhlaba omusha wawuzofakwa khona.
I-Duluth izobekwa phezu kweGreat Lake Superior (umzimba wamanzi omkhulu kakhulu futhi ongapheli kangangokuba ukhipha ubukhona obuthulile, obuthule uma kwenzeka kuwo ebusuku uma kwenzeka ukuthi ube ngumlandi.) Ngandlela-thile, ngomlingo, wonke amadolobha amakhulu eMinnesotum Mare Clarum kwadingeka akhiwe yiqhwa. Kodwa okokuqala, bonke abantu nakho konke ukuphila kwakufanele kuphele - ngokufinyelela okukhulu kwe-polar kusuka phezulu komhlaba.
Ngenkathi kude nabahlaseli abesabekayo impilo eqhubeka, konke okwakushiywa yiqhwa neqhwa elinyanyekayo kwakungcoliswa umhlaba—kanye namaGreat Lakes amakhulu (iLake Superior, futhi empumalanga, iLake Michigan, iLake Huron, iLake Erie—efinyelela eNew York naseLake Ontario.)
La manzi amasha amakhulu ayengewona amachibi kakhulu njengeqoqo lezilwandle ezintsha ezijoyina iNyakatho ye-Atlantic nale ndlela entsha yamanzi enkulu. Futhi uphela phansi eMinnesotum Mare Clarum. Amathafa amasha ayehlelwe yi-grader enkulu kakhulu engakaze ibonwe eNyakatho Melika ngaphambili, indiza eyadala amazwe amasha amakhulu amahlathi amasha namapulazi amasha. Kodwa hhayi ngaphambi kokuba ingcebo eyengeziwe iphonswe yiqhwa elinyanyekayo.
NgeMinnesota Mare Clarum, izivakashi ezineqhwa zashiya amachibi nemifula.
Iphupho elisha kanye nephupho elisha
Iphupho lasendulo likaStephanus, owazalwa isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba akhulelwe, lihlala kuze kube phakade. I-cauldron lapho iRoma yawela khona yalandelwa umncintiswano weNtshonalanga namaphupho alokho okwakungaphezulu njengoba abantu bezofika ukuzowela ulwandle olungapheli.
Umoya wawukhulume ngezwe loMfula onamandla iMississippi, oshiywe yiqhwa laseMinnesota. Futhi, ngomgwaqo omude futhi ojikelezayo ngemuva kwalawo maqhwa anenhlekelele neqhwa, amadoda ekugcineni abuyele ezweni elicatshangwayo, iMinnesotum Mare Clarum. Inhliziyo yaleli zwe elidumile kwakuwumfula, obizwa ngokuthi iMississippi, owaziwa ezizukulwaneni njengomfula onamehlo amane.
Futhi kwaba njalo ukuthi uhambo olukhazimulayo ngo-1832 AD, ukuhlanganyela kwabafuna umthombo, kwenza uhambo olunzima oluya emvelaphi yalokho kugeleza okukhulu kweqhwa - ukuqoqa amanzi namandla endleleni - kugcwalisa iGulf of America (lapho umholi kaColumbus u-Amerigo Vespucci ayezothola khona futhi lowo mzimba omkhulu wamanzi - ngaphezu kwengxenye yobukhulu beMare Nostrum Ngo-2025, uzobizwa ngegama lakhe. Kulelo gebe elikhulu, uhambo lwesikhathi esizayo oluvela eMhlabeni Omdala lukaStephanus lwaluzofika ngokulinganayo, ngisho naseMinnesota Mare Clarum futhi amadoda avela endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi iYurophu ayezovakashela iNew World uStephanus wayekhonjisiwe ephusheni lakhe.
Isikole saseNdiya
Isikole kwakuyigama likathisha. Namuhla singambiza ngokuthi i-Indiana Jones. Umholi, nothisha ofana nobaba kaStephanus uNikia, nomhloli wamazwe weqiniso. Ababehamba naye kwakungamaNdiya omdabu aseMelika, ngoba ngemuva kwamakhulu eminyaka, bafika banolwazi olujulile lwendawo, izinhlelo zokuphila, kanye nemithombo yemvelo yesifunda saseMississippi. Babeyisihluthulelo seMinnesota Fellowship kufaka phakathi abahloli bamazwe baseMelika abanjengoSchoolcraft noJoseph Nicollet.
Lokhu kufaka phakathi umhlahlandlela wokufuna kwe-Schoolcraft, u-Ozawindib, umhlahlandlela we-Ojibway (Chippewa), okhuluma isi-Ojibway. Endleleni uSchoolcraft nabahloli bakhe basebenzisana nazo zonke ezinye izizwe zaseMelika zaseNdiya abahlangana nazo, kufaka phakathi uDakota eMinnesota noHo-Chunk eWisconsin (Winnebago).
Ngo-1832 i-AD Schoolcraft's Itasca Fellowship yathola futhi yathola imithombo yalo msebenzi wemvelo, i-Four-Eyed River. Ukhombe iLake Itasca yaseMinnesota njengomthombo wangempela woMfula. I-Schoolcraft yayinesizinda sezifundo zakudala—kufaka phakathi isiLatini nesiGreki isigqila uTheron ayesifundise uStephanus nomndeni wakhe. Isazi esihlakaniphile saze sasungula igama elisha lomthombo omkhulu womfula, 'Itasca.' Umthombo weMississippi ubizwa ngegama elithi "veritas" (iqiniso) kanye ne- "caput" (ikhanda) - okusho ukuthi "ikhanda langempela" loMfula Omkhulu. Yamemezela iMinnesota emhlabeni ngaphambi kokuba sibe yinsimu noma sikwazi ukuvota eCongress.
Lokhu kusungulwa kweSikole seSchoolcraft kwalondoloza ulwazi lwephupho lasendulo elilahlekile lethemba laseMinnesotum Mare Clarum—inkululeko uStephanus noTheron abayifuna.
Kukho konke lokhu isiLatini - esibhekwa njengolimi lwendawo yonke - sasisasetshenziswa ngekhulu le-19! Eqinisweni, indoda yase-Italy ebizwa ngokuthi uColumbus, evela kwesinye isikhungo sokuhweba eMare Nostrum njengoStephanus, yayisakhuluma isiLatini ngenkathi iphishekela indlela yokufika eNdiya ngekhulu le-15. Ngo-1477, ngaphambi kokuthi ahambe ngomkhumbi eya eMelika Ephakathi ngo-1492, wavakashela ipulazi i-Ingjaldshvöll ezweni eliyisiqhingi sase-Iceland. Namanje ngolimi olusha lukaStephanus lwesiLatini. Eminyakeni engamakhulu ayishumi nanhlanu ngemuva kukaStephanus, uColumbus wahlala ebusika kulelo pulazi ngaphambi kokwenza uhambo lwakhe oludumile lokuhlangana namaNdiya aseNyakatho Melika.
Incwadi II - Izwi LikaNkulunkulu
Και άκουσα φωνή από τον ουρανό, σαν τον ήχο πολλών υδάτων και σαν τον ήχο μιας δυνατής βροντής». Αποκάλυψη 14:2
Ngase ngizwa izwi livela ezulwini, linjengezwi lamanzi amaningi, nanjengomsindo wokuduma okukhulu. IsAmbulo 14: 2.
UStephanus noTheron baqala ikilasi labo ngolunye usuku olunelanga lwamaGrikhi ngaphansi kokubusa kwamaRoma. Ilanga likhanya ebusweni boLwandle i-Aegean ngefasitela. Umoya wasolwandle wawubonakala ukhululekile uma unosawoti omncane.
U-Theron isigqila somndeni wabuza umfundi wakhe uStephanus ukuthi ngabe zikhona yini izihloko zokuziphatha umfundi afuna ukuxoxa ngazo namuhla.
"Ngihlala ngikhumbula lelo phupho enganginalo lapho umoya wangikhombisa khona iMinnesotum, Mare Clarum," kuphendula uStephanus ngokucabanga.
"Ngabe lokho kuyisihloko sokuziphatha?" kubuza uTheron.
"Awu, umoya wakhuluma ngamanzi acwebile, hhayi amanzi anosawoti, kodwa ukugijima kwamanzi acwebile ashiywe ngamashidi amakhulu eqhwa, esibhakabhakeni esiphezulu. Futhi ngiyazibuza ukuthi ngabe wayengasho yini izwe elingenalo ubugqila, nalawa maRoma yonke indawo," waphendula uTheron, ebheka nxazonke nangaphandle kwamafasitela.
UTheron wathula isikhashana. Ubugqila bekuyinto ayengavamile ukukhuluma ngayo, noma acabange ngayo. AmaRoma aziqhenya ngokufuna umhlaba okhanyisiwe, ophucukile futhi okhululekile wesintu. Futhi wayazi ukuthi bahlanganyela ebugqilini obukhanyiselwe kakhudlwana, ngoba kwakudingeka kakhulu. Bathembele ebugqilini ukuphatha umbuso wabo, kufaka phakathi imisebenzi yabo yezempi namaphoyisa nokukhiqiza ingcebo yabo.
Kodwa wayengazi ngaleli phupho likaMinnesotum, uMare Clarum. "Angazi," waphendula. "Angazi noma umhlaba onjalo ungaba khona yini. Ingabe izwe elisha lingaba nenkululeko ngempela? Ngaphandle kobugqila? " Kungekudala eMhlabeni Omdala uStephanus noTheron bahlala eThekwini babezoqala ukufuna "umhlaba omusha", okuyilapho iMinnesota yayilele khona. Ngemuva kokuthi amabutho aseSpain (inhlonhlo yase-Iberia esevele inqotshwe ngamaRoma), azonqotshwa yi-British Navy (izwe lesiqhingi elingakanqotshwa yiRoma), amaKhosi amaNgisi ayezohlela ukuthuthukisa iZwe Elisha emakoloni asogwini olusempumalanga yeMelika.
"Angikwazi ukubona ikusasa lephupho," kusho uStephanus ngemuva kokucubungula lo mbuzo. "Kepha ngizwile izinto ezimangalisayo zivela eJudiya eKapernawume. Ukuhlaselwa okwesabekayo kwezingane ngababusi abazama ukucindezela noma yimiphi imibono mayelana nanoma yiliphi "izwe elisha." Ubudlova obungakholeki ngama-ejenti aseRoma ekuchobozeni ukuhlubuka kwamaJuda, angasakwazi ukuzibusa. " "Kulungile, njengoba nje amaGrikhi engasakwazi ukubusa ekhaya lethu," kucabanga uTheron ngokwakhe.
"Uhlelo lwemithetho yamaRoma luyinto eyodwa kwizakhamizi zaseRoma, futhi enye into kithina, amaGreki," kusho uTheron. Kunjalo nakumaJuda aseJudiya. Selokhu banqotshwa ngu-Alexander, abakwazanga ukuphila ngaphansi kwemithetho yabo. Futhi manje babuswa ngamaRoma, futhi uHerode Antipasi ongumJuda, njengomtetrarki waseGalile owabekwa yiRoma.
"Kodwa manje kunenselelo kulelo lungiselelo futhi lokho kwaholela ekubulaweni kwazo zonke izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka emibili ubudala. Ngoba uHerode wayesaba isiprofetho samaJuda sokuthi umuntu owenza ukuthula noMsindisi wayezozalelwa lapho eBhetlehema.
"Iphupho lakho, Stephanus, libonakala liyithemba lethu elihle kakhulu. Kodwa kungenzeka kanjani"?
UMoya wathi: "Ngoba kuyintando yami."
Ngalobo busuku esidlweni sakusihlwa, uStephanus wabuza uyise uNikea ngakho.
"Kungani sinezinceku, baba? Kungani amaGreki amaningi kangaka enezigqila? Kungani amaGreki amaningi kangaka eyizigqila? "Uma izigqila zingavota, ngabe izinto zizohluka?"
Ngokuvamile, uNikea noTheano babengazithandi izihloko ezinjalo etafuleni lesidlo sakusihlwa. Kodwa uStephanus wayebonakale ekhathazekile ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ezedlule futhi uTheano wayezwile ezinye zezifundo zikaTheron. Ekugcineni, ubaba kaStephanus, uNikea, wakhuluma.
"Kulungile, ndodana, njengoba nje ungakakwazi ukuvota okhethweni lweZenkolo, izigqila azikwazi ukuvota ngoba ukuvota kusekelwe ezingeni elithile lolwazi nemfundo, kanye neziqu. Mina ngokwami ngivunyelwe kuphela ukuvotela i-Ecclesia, umhlangano wethu oyinhloko wase-Athene futhi lokho kungenxa yokuthi ngingumuntu owesilisa okhululekile futhi ngiqede ukuqeqeshwa kwezempi zase-Athene. Kepha angikwazi ukuvota ngaphezu kwalokho.
NjengoMose, iNkosi enhle uMagnus yabizwa ngokuthi uMniki-Mthetho. Kodwa-ke, imithetho ayinikeze yatholwa f "Theron eyisigqila, akakwazi ukuvota, ngoba ilungelo lokuvota liyinhloso zenhlalakahle nokubusa okuhle kwesifundazwe sethu sedolobha, izindaba ezinkulu zokuzuzisa wonke umuntu."
"Ngabe uTheron ukhuluma nawe ngobugqila?" Wacindezela uStephanus.
Kwaba nokuthula okungakhululekile. UStephana wabona uyise ngendlela ehlukile ngandlela-thile. Khona-ke uTheano wathi: "Uyise kaTheron wayekhululekile lapho ehlala eJudiya."
UStephana waphendula, "Yebo, ngavuka ephusheni ngobunye ubusuku lapho umoya ungikhombisa indlela ehlukile yokuphila. Kwakusezweni elikude elibizwa ngokuthi iMinnesotum Mare Clarum eliqoshwe ngamashidi amakhulu eqhwa kanye nokugijima kwamanzi. Futhi ngazibuza ukuthi kuzoba njani, futhi ngakhuluma ngezinkinga zokuziphatha nokuziphatha ekilasini lami noTheron.
Lapho ephendukela kuTheano, uNikea wambuza: "Uthini ngobaba kaTheron?"
"Wabanjwa njengesigqila eJudiya."
UTheano wayengazi ngoJesu ngisho nangemva kokuzalwa kwakhe, kodwa wayazi ngamaJuda nokuvukela kwabo abaseMakedoniya, babenomqondo ohlukile womthetho, inkululeko nobulungiswa kuno-Alexander futhi manje bahlukile kunababusi baseRoma nezikhulu zabo.
Wafunda isiqephu esivela ku-Isaya, esamthinta. "Lapho abampofu nabampofu befuna amanzi, abekho, nolimi lwabo luphelelwe ukoma, mina Jehova ngiyakubazwa, mina Nkulunkulu u-Israyeli angibashiyi.
Ngiyakuvula imifula ezindaweni eziphakemeyo, nemithombo phakathi kwezigodi, ngenze ihlane libe yichibi lamanzi, nezwe elomileyo libe yimithombo yamanzi. Ngiyakubeka ndawonye ehlane isihlahla sikafir, nophayini, nesihlahla sebhokisi ndawonye, ukuze babone, bazi, bacabange, baqonde kanyekanye, ukuthi isandla sikaJehova sikwenzile lokhu, noNgcwele ka-Israyeli ukukudale.
UStephanus noNikea bobabili balalele ngokucophelela uTheano ehlabelela, ehlaba umxhwele. Bayazi ukuthi uTheano kwakudingeka asebenze kanzima kangakanani, njengabo bonke abesifazane bendlu yase-Athene, ukukha amanzi. Ingabe amanzi avela kuNkulunkulu? AmaGreki namaRoma ayengacabangi kakhulu ngalokho, babenonkulunkulu abaningi futhi akekho noyedwa uNkulunkulu wamanzi, noma wendalo, lokho kwakuyimfihlakalo kubo.
Yebo, ngokuqinisekile singabantu abampofu nabaswele uma kuqhathaniswa nombuso omkhulu, kepha sinezidingo ezifanayo njengazo zemiseleni yabo emikhulu okufanele siyigqilaze.
UTheano naye wayecabanga, ukuthi kunzima kangakanani ukuthwala amanzi oLwandle i-Aegean lapho nathi sithwele ingane engakazalwa. UNkulunkulu uyasizwa. Ngiyazibuza ukuthi uzosidalela ini?
Incwadi Yesithathu - Ukuphela Kobugqila
Ubugqila buphelile! Ubugqila buphelile! Dumisani uJesu, ubugqila buphelile! "
UStephana waba nesibikezelo esingajwayelekile njengoba elele. "Mfana, wacabanga, ukubona ikusasa kuphazamisa ngempela ubuthongo bakho!" Mhlawumbe ukuphazamiseka kwaleyo ngxoxo mayelana nobugqila ngesikhathi sakusihlwa, wacabanga.
Izwi uStephanus ayelizwile kwakungenye intsha, lena insizwa yaseSweden ogama lakhe linguMagnus. UMagnus Carlsson wayehlala endaweni engasogwini lwaseSweden eMalmo ngo-1350 AD ISweden nayo yayicindezelwe yizilwane ezinkulu zeqhwa ngesikhathi esifanayo iMinnesotum Mare Clarum yayikhona, futhi lezo zivakashi ezinkulu zakha iMalmo, futhi zaqopha nepulazi laseMarstrand.
U-Astrid, umzala kaMagnus wayehlala eMarstrand, cishe amakhilomitha ayi-180 ngehhashi nesikebhe, esiqeshini somhlaba umndeni wakhe wawulima. Umalume wakhe wakhululwa ebugqilini. U-Astrid Carlssen wayesagubha futhi lapho evakashela eMalmo ukuyofunda enyuvesi wakhuluma noMagnus.
"Kubonakala sengathi ezweni elingaphelele, lasendle, ukuthi into enhle kangaka ephelele isenzeka," ebhekisa esenzweni esinesibindi seNkosi uMagnus IV ukuqeda ubugqila kuwo wonke amaKristu eSweden naseNorway.
"Ngelinye ilanga ngicabanga ukuthi isizathu salesi simangaliso sizocaca kithi sonke," kuphendula uMagnus. INkosi yayilandela izwi likaJesu. Mhlawumbe okuwukuphela kwento esingasisindisa ebugqilini bethu ngumuntu osisindise ezonweni zethu zonke. U-Astrid wahlatshwa umxhwele ngobuhlakani nobucayi bempendulo yakhe.
IMalmo, idolobha elisogwini elisempumalanga yeSweden, lithembele ekuhwebeni ngenxa yokuphila kwayo kwamahhala nokuchumayo. Ama-Vikings asebenzisa itheku. Idolobha lahlanganyela ekuhwebeni okuningi neHanseatic League, umfelandawonye okhululekile wezohwebo nokuvikela ovela eNyakatho Jalimane. UHerring wayeyibhizinisi elikhulu.
Kwakusekhona ubugqila. Kepha ngo-1335 inkosi, uMagnus IV wayememezele ukuthi labo abazalwa emindenini yobuKristu babengeke besakwazi ukubanjwa njengama-thralls. Emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva, lokhu kuzobaluleka futhi, njengoba la maKristu ayezovunyelwa ukuthuthela endaweni abayibiza ngokuthi i-Amerika, lapho iMinnesotum Mare Clarum emangalisayo izoba khona. Ngo-1335 amaKristu aqeda ubugqila eSweden naseNorway, kanye nezigqila zaseFinland.
UJesu Kristu, weTestamente Elisha, ngenkathi uMose engow'iTestamente Elidala futhi wathola umthetho ngokuqondile kuBaba uNkulunkulu. UMagnus wayeshintsha imithetho yaseSweden neNorway ukuze ibonise ubuKristu. Bobabili uMose noMagnus baba nomthelela omkhulu emhlabeni naseMinnesotum. Ekugcineni kuzoba yiMinnesotum Mare Clarum owaqeda ubugqila esizweni esisha esibizwa nge-United States of America, eqhutshwa yilesi sifutho esifanayo sobuKristu nokwenqaba isono sobugqila.
Kodwa-ke, emva kukaKristu, abantu abaningi ababemlandela babezoshushiswa, babulawe futhi yebo, babe yizigqila. Kodwa endleleni abalandeli bakhe eSweden, eNorway naseMinnesota bathola indlela yokuyiqeda. Ngokungafani nama-Athene asendulo, leli phupho - lenkululeko ebugqilini, lalingeke libhubhe emhlabeni, kodwa lizothatha izimpande eMinnesotum, iMare Clarum.
"Uyazi, Astrid, uJesu wakhashelwa esiphambanweni ngezinhlamvu zesiliva ezingu-30. Lokho kwakuyizindleko ezijwayelekile "zokuthenga" isigqila. Kodwa uJesu wanqoba leso sivumelwano ngokuvuka ethuneni. Uyasisindisa esonweni sethu, kuhlanganise nokugqilaza abanye abantu. UMagnus wayecabanga ngalelo phupho lenkululeko nobulungiswa. Ubugqila nobudlova bekusekhona.
Ukulwa nobugqila
"Ukhalise icilongo elingasoze labuyela emuva; Uhlunga izinhliziyo zabantu phambi kwesihlalo sakhe sokwahlulela: O! Shesha umphefumulo wami, ukumphendula. Thokozani, izinyawo zami! "UNkulunkulu wethu uyaqhubeka." - UJulia Ward Howe
Ukuphela kobugqila kwaba ukuqala kwenkululeko. Ubugqila babuhlaselwa ngezindlela ezahlukene kusukela okungenani ngo-600 BC e-Athene lapho uSolon eqeda ubugqila bokweletwayo eGrisi. Ezinye izinhlobo zobugqila zaqhubeka. Ngo-873 AD, uPapa John VIII wamemezela ukugqilazwa kwamaKristu akanye nawo njengesono futhi wayala ukukhululwa kwawo. Inkululeko yayigcwele yonke indawo.
UMagnus Carlsson, njengabo bonke abantu baseSweden, wayengumKatolika. AmaViking ayengamaKatolika okuqala ukuvakashela iMinnesota, isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba uColumbus akhubeke eziqhingini zaseCaribbean. Indawo ye-runic yeViking yatholakala eduze kwedolobha elizobizwa ngokuthi i-Alexandria (ngokumangazayo ngemuva komashiqela owaqeda imizamo yokuqala yokuzibusa eMare Nostrum), eMinnesota efinyelelwe yiqhwa ngesikhathi se-Ice Age yokugcina. Lapho ishidi leqhwa laseLaurentide laqhubekela phambili futhi lahlehla, lishiya insimu ye-drumlin eyakhiwe yi-glacial till, yi-Wadena lobe yeqhwa. Amandla okuhlanza eqhwa asula okwedlule kwesono futhi akhulula izwi likaNkulunkulu.
Kusuka eMinnesota naseWisconsin kwavela uMongameli ka-Abraham Lincoln, owayezomemezela ukuphela kobugqila ngesikhathi seMpi Yombango yase-United States futhi ukunqoba kwakhe kuzoholela ekuchibiyeni uMthethosisekelo wase-US ukuvimbela ubugqila. ULincoln wakhuphuka emandleni e-Illinois naseWisconsin eseduze, futhi amaMinnesotans asanda kukhiqizwa amkhuthaza ukuba angene ehhovisi. Isimemezelo sikaLincoln sesidingo sokuqeda ubugqila salandelwa amabutho ase-US Army, amabutho okuqala e-Union ukuvikela iMelika. Futhi bavela esifundazweni esisanda kuvunywa saseMinnesota, bathunyelwa eLincoln futhi kwaholela ekusindisweni kweNyunyana nokuqedwa kobugqila.
Galatiya
INkosi uMagnus yayisendleleni yenkululeko. Omunye umGreki, ogama lakhe linguTitus, wahamba nomlandeli kaKristu. Baqala ukungena kulokho namuhla okubizwa ngokuthi iTurkey. Ngaleso sikhathi, ngo-50 AD, amashumi eminyaka ngemuva kwengxoxo ebuhlungu phakathi kukaStephanus noTherano ogwini loLwandle i-Aegean. UPawulu, umlandeli kaKristu, wakhuluma ngobugqila nenkululeko. Ngakho-ke ngenkathi kwakukhona ubugqila obusabalele kulo lonke elaseGalathiya—kwakukhona nalo mqondo omusha wenkululeko.
Kungenzeka ukuthi uTitus wayese-Athene, ingxenye yendawo yamaGrikhi eyasungulwa ngu-Alexander ngenkathi enqoba amazwe aseMedithera. Ngemva kwalokho waphendukela enkonzweni kaPawulu.
Ubugqila babuyingxenye yoMthetho kaMose, owagcwaliseka njengoKristu, owayesephila futhi wabulawa yiRoma nabaholi benkolo abangamaJuda. Kodwa ngubani owavusa futhi waguqula uPawulu njengoba wayesendleleni ekuzingela nokubulala amakholwa kaKristu. Ubugqila ngempela. Izinto zazibukeka zimnyama ngamathemba namaphupho kaStephanus noTheron nalokho ababekulindele. Ngoba Minnesota—Minnesotum Mare Clarum.
Incwadi IV - Galathiya
Umgwaqo wenkululeko
Ekhoneni elisenyakatho-mpumalanga yoMbuso WaseRoma kwakukhona isifundazwe saseRoma lapho iSonto lobuKristu lokuqala laqala khona. Ibizwa ngokuthi "Galathiya" futhi yakhulunywa nguPawulu kwabaseGalathiya, iqukethe lokho namuhla okubizwa ngokuthi i-Ankara, eTurkey. Empeleni iqukethe imvelaphi yenkululeko esiyiqonda namuhla. Amaphupho okuqala, noma ukucabanga kwabase-Athene kanye neRiphabhulikhi yaseRoma elahliwe kwakungenakwenzeka. Akekho owaziyo ngempela ukuthi kungani.
Kepha isixazululo sokuqeda ubugqila esilangazelelwa nguTherano futhi esiphuphe nguStephanus eduze koLwandle i-Aegean sasingekho kakhulu emanzini acwebile aseMinnesota, kodwa ekuqedeni ubugqila emhlabeni wonke. Ubugqila, njengoba uPawulu wabhala, eMthethweni kaMose uqobo. Umqondo wenkululeko wawungatholakali kunoma iyiphi imithetho yomuntu - ngisho ephefumulelwe nguNkulunkulu. Inkululeko ilele kuphela ekusindisweni ngomusa, okukuKristu Jesu. Okusho ukuthi, kuze kube yilapho sikhululwa esonweni, siyizigqila zesono, ngoba sizalwa kuso. Futhi kwaba njalo ukuthi iNkosi uMagnus IV waseSweden yahola abalandeli bayo - ngomusa - phansi kweFreedom Road, ngisho naseMinnesotum Mare Clarum.
Levitikusi
Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-1 000 ngaphambi kukaStephanus e-Athene, amaJuda akhululwa ebugqilini eGibhithe. Kodwa-ke, kuKhodi kaMose ubugqila ngaphansi kwalowo mthetho babuvunyelwe futhi bulindelekile. Ngaphansi koMthetho kaMose, ukuthathwa kwezigqila kwakhuthazwa "ezizweni ezikuzungezile." Kuyakuvela izigqila nezincekukazi ezivela ezizweni ezikuzungezile; Kubo ungathenga izigqila. Ungathenga futhi ezinye zabahlali besikhashana abahlala phakathi kwenu namalungu emindeni yabo abazalelwa ezweni lakini, babe yimpahla yakho. Ungazishiya ezinganeni zakho njengefa futhi ungazenza izigqila impilo yakho yonke. Levitikusi 25: 44-46.
Lokhu bekungeke kwenzeke. Kodwa-ke, ubugqila baqhubeka ezweni laseMakedoniya nelaseRoma. Mhlawumbe kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi ukholo lwenkolo lwaluyisihloko sokuphikisana okukhulu ngaphansi kokubusa kweMakedoniya namaRoma eJudiya eminyakeni ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu.
"Kodwa awuyikubusa abafowenu bakwa-Israyeli ngesihluku."
Njengoba nje iNkosi uMagnus IV yaqeda ubugqila eSweden naseNorway kulabo abazalwa emindenini yamaKristu, imithetho yokuqala kaMose yayinqabela ukuphatha ngesihluku kuphela amalungu ezizwe zakwa-Israyeli kodwa hhayi abangewona amaJuda.
U-Astrid wabuza uMagnus Carlssen ukuthi kungani ukuqedwa kobugqila kudlulela kuphela kulabo abazalwa emndenini wamaKristu.
"Ngoba ukuphathana ngomusa nangenhlonipho kuyimfundiso yobuKristu," waphendula. Futhi uMfundisi Omkhulu uJesu akasigcinanga ngokusikhombisa indlela, kodwa weza ukuzosilethela Insindiso esonweni esiyizigqila zaso ngokwemvelo, esivimbela ekufuneni indlela eya enkululekweni asinike yona. Ngoba silahlekelwe indlela yethu ngemuva kokuwa. "
Ngoba siyizigqila zesono, ngumthetho owenza izigqila, impela uyasibopha. Ngisho nezizukulwane zamajaji zingasho ukuthi zibophezelekile ukwenza izinqumo ezithile ngoba lezo zibonelo zazitholakala ekubhalweni nasekuzisebenziseni kwemithetho emiphakathini esafufusa (futhi ephilayo) eNtshonalanga.
Umphostoli uPawulu wabhala: "Uma ukulunga kwaba ngomthetho, khona-ke uKristu wafela ize." Eqinisweni, kwakunguJesu Kristu uqobo owanika abalandeli bakhe uMoya oNgcwele futhi uPawulu ubhala ukuthi uMoya awutholwanga nganoma yimiphi imisebenzi yomthetho kodwa ngokuzwa uJesu ngokukholwa. Futhi ngempela, kwakunguJesu, othengiswe ngezinhlamvu zesiliva ezingamashumi amathathu - intengo esemthethweni yesigqila - owahola indlela eFreedom Road elandelwa eMinnesotum Mare Clarum kanye nezwe elisha.
UPawulu wabhala ukuthi ubugqila babonakala kanjani emhlabeni ngemva kokuwa emseni ensimini yase-Edene.
"Kepha ngaphambi kokuba ukholo lufike, sasiboshiwe ngaphansi komthetho, savalelwa ejele, saze kwambulwa ukholo oluzayo. Ngakho-ke umthetho wawungumgcini wethu kwaze kwafika uKristu, ukuze silungisiswe ngokukholwa. Kepha manje njengoba sekufikile ukukholwa, asisekho ngaphansi komgcini, ngokuba kuKristu Jesu nonke ningamadodana kaNkulunkulu ngokukholwa.
Noma kunjalo, izwe lalwela ubugqila - izwe elingenalo ukholo. Isigqila sasiyisikhwama, esiphethwe ngomunye umuntu. Kepha ngokugqoka uKristu ngokubhapathizwa:
Akakho umJuda noma umGreki, akakho isigqila noma okhululekileyo, akukho wesilisa nowesifazane, ngokuba nonke nimunye kuKristu Jesu. Futhi uma ningabakaKristu, khona-ke niyinzalo ka-Abrahama, nezindlalifa ngokwesithembiso.
Ngomthetho omusha wobuKristu, owamiswa yiNkosi uMagnus, owayekade eyinceku manje wayeyindlalifa, kungakhathalekile ubulili, owesilisa noma owesifazane, futhi kungakhathalekile isimo esisemthethweni. Kodwa lokhu akuzange kwenzeke ngenxa yokholo olungenalutho, kodwa ngenxa yokukholwa kuNkulunkulu ka-Abrahama. Futhi abantu abasha baseMinnesota baseScandinavia banqume ngesikhathi sikaMongameli ka-Abraham Lincoln, uNkulunkulu walowo Abrahama wayefuna ukuthi ubugqila buhambe, kuthathelwe indawo "ukugada" komthetho wezwe ogunyaza ubunikazi bemithetho.
Lolu shintsho lwezomthetho lwavumela inkululeko, kanye noshintsho olukhulu kuhulumeni. Kodwa-ke, umthetho wawusekela ukugqilazwa nomthetho ukuze uqhubeke.
Isizwe saseMinnesota
Isizwe esisha asizange silinde kuze kube yilapho kwakhiwa iMinnesota ukuze siqale lo msebenzi. Ngo-1777 iVermont, i-republic ezimele, yaba yindawo yokuqala yase-US ukuqeda ubugqila ngokuphelele kumthethosisekelo wayo. Ngo-1780 iPennsylvania yaphasisa umthetho wokuqeda "kancane kancane", ukukhulula izingane ezizalwa omama abagqilaziwe ngemuva kosuku oluthile. Futhi uchungechunge lwamacala enkantolo eMassachusetts ngo-1783 yahumusha umthethosisekelo wayo omusha wombuso njengongahambisani nobugqila.
Ukudalwa kweMinnesota
I-Northwest Ordinance yakha ingxenye yeMinnesota (empumalanga yoMfula iMississippi), futhi yafaka lokho manje okuyi-Ohio, i-Indiana, i-Illinois (izwe laseLincoln), eMichigan, eWisconsin. Ngo-1803, iCongress yaqoka le ndawo njengeNorthwest Territory. Lo mthetho we-federal wawuvimbela ubugqila. Eminyakeni eyisithupha kamuva ingxenye esentshonalanga, entshonalanga yeMississippi, yengezwa e-United States yiLouisiana Purchase.
ENew York naseNew Jersey imithetho yenkululeko kancane kancane, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 ekugcineni yaqeda ubugqila ngaphakathi kwaleyo mingcele.
Kwabe sekufika ngo-1850 indawo yokuqala enkulu yamadodana kaMagnus, abantu baseNorway baqala eMidwest, kufaka phakathi iWisconsin, lapho uLincoln aqokwa khona njengoMongameli. Futhi ngo-1851 amaSweden ngokwabo, bamenywa njengabahlali. Ngenxa yalokhu, laba bantu baseScandinavia abaqinile basungula ukhetho lukaLincoln kanye neRepublican Party, eyakhelwe ukukhulula bonke ebugqilini. Lapho ukunqoba kuka-Abrahama kusongela ukuhlakazwa kwesizwe uqobo, ngenxa yokuphikisana naleyo nkululeko, abantu baseScandinavia baseMinnesota bathumela amabutho amabili okuqala ukuvikela inkululeko. Ngabe ubugqila bebungaqhubeka eNyakatho Melika ngaphandle kweMinnesota? Kubonakala sengathi bekuzoba njalo, futhi i-Union yayizohluleka.
Kungekudala ngemuva kwalokho, entshonalanga ekude, emngceleni waseMinnesota, kwakuhlala intombazane enhle yaseNorway ogama lakhe linguMary, eyashaywa ezinyaweni zakhe yindoda yodabuka eWales futhi yazala indodakazi egama layo linguBetty. Uthathwe kakhulu yindaba enesibindi yamabutho aseMinnesota angena emzabalazweni wenkululeko yaseMelika kangangokuthi wabamba ngekhanda lonke ikheli elifushane laseGettysburg lika-Abraham Lincoln uqobo.
Ngemuva kwezimpi ezimbili, Izimpi Zomhlaba, wahlangana nenye indoda, uDouglas, waseTexas eya eMexico, owaqala njenge-luchador oqeqeshiwe futhi waba nomsebenzi njenge-matador ezinkunzini zaseMexico naseMelika Ephakathi. Ngemuva kokungena futhi wakhishwa ebuthweni lase-US ngeMpi Yezwe II, waphuma wahlangana noMary eMidwest (ngaphambili eNyakatho-ntshonalanga) futhi washada naye futhi bahlala eTwin Cities eqoshwe yiqhwa le-Ice Age.
Kuze kube sekupheleni kwempilo yakhe eneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-100 ubudala, uMariya wayekwazi ukuhlabelela enkumbulweni ukuthi Lincoln Ikheli, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuthi ukuzalwa kabusha kwenkululeko ngaphansi kukaNkulunkulu noJesu:
"Ukuze uhulumeni wabantu, ngabantu ngenxa yabantu, ngeke babhubhe emhlabeni."
Inganekwane yasendulo kaStephanus noTheron, isigqila sasisenalo lelo phupho—elingalahlekile—lenkululeko nobulungiswa, eMinnesotum Mare Clarum. Iphupho laseMelika ezweni elivakashelwe ngu-Amerigo Vespucci.
Ukuphela kwevolumu I
Umqulu II weMinnesotum Mare Clarum Iphupho laseMelika lenkululeko nobulungiswa
Incwadi I - Ukuhamba Phambili
"Stephanus! Vuka!"
KwakunguTheron.
"Ngikulungiselele isidlo sasekuseni esihle," eqhubeka. "Selokhu ubaba wakho washona ubonakala ungazinzile," kusho uTheron ngokukhathazeka.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yini esiyenzayo, i-Ecclesia ayibonakali iqhubekela phambili noma isiqondiso, uStephanus wayekhononda.
"Ubaba wabelane ngokukhathazeka kwakhe iminyaka manje ukuthi uhulumeni omele akakwenzi lokho abacabangi abakhulu base-Athene ababekuphuphayo, njengobuntu obuhlanganyelwe babo bonke abantu nokubaluleka kokuphila ngokuvumelana nemvelo kanye nesizathu njengoba amaStoiki enxusa, noma imisebenzi kaCicero emthethweni wemvelo, ubulungiswa, kanye nemithwalo yemfanelo yababusi esasicabanga ukuthi yayiyimibono enethonya ngokubusa nokuziphatha ezweni lamaRoma—ngaphambi kukazamcolo. "
"Yebo, ngaphambi kwesikhukhula esibomvu sezigqila zaseRoma eMare Nostra," kucabanga uTheron buthule.
"Futhi manje amaRoma ayahlanya ukushayela ukuthuthukiswa kwemiphakathi emisha yezigqila kuze kufike lapho impucuko yaziwa." UStephanus wagxeka izinhlelo zokusika amakhukhi ezafaka iziphathimandla zaseRoma yonke indlela eNtshonalanga kuze kube semaphethelweni omhlaba owaziwayo. Ingabe yilokho okuzoba yizwe lethu? Ngabe 'onkulunkulu' abazibiza ngokuthi 'onkulunkulu' bakhonza ikoloni elikhulu lezigqila?
Umtapo wezincwadi
"Ngizwile izinto ezithakazelisayo nge-Alexandria nomtapo wabo wolwazi omuhle," kusho uTheron.
"Kulungile ngizwile ngoPhilo," kuphendula uStephanus. "Uyisazi sefilosofi esingumJuda esivela e-Alexandria esihlanganisa ifilosofi yamaGrikhi nemfundiso yenkolo yamaJuda. Hhayi kuphela izibopho zokuziphatha zabantu ngaphakathi komphakathi ezimthakazelisayo, futhi nobudlelwano phakathi komthetho waphezulu nokubusa, "waqala ukuphinda aphile. Noma kunjalo, kukhona okuthile nge-pantheon okwakumkhathaza.
"Kahle ngelinye ifa lami elivela kubaba kanye nokuxhumana nabathengisi bamaGrikhi engikwenzile e-Ecclesia ngicabanga ukuthi singaya e-Alexandria sibone ukuthi singayithola yini indlela yethu yokubuya ku-hegemony yaseRoma," esinquma.
Ubugqila buyakha
Njengoba isilo "sokuphathwa ngesihluku" kwabanye abangaphandle kwesizwe somuntu - noma "ubugqila", ngamazwi kaLevitikusi - sakhula futhi sanda kakhulu kulo lonke iMedithera, umndeni kaStephanus nenceku yabo uTheron baphonswa njengesikebhe olwandle. Njengoba uStephanus ekhula—futhi eqala ukuvota e-Athene Ecclesia futhi wathatha izindima ezintsha kwezohwebo nasebuholini—umngane wakhe othembekile nenceku uTheron wakhula naye, eqhubeka nesiko lomndeni elaqala eJudiya futhi lashintsha kakhulu njengoba uyise elahlekelwa inkululeko yakhe ngakolunye uhlangothi lweMare Nostrum enkundleni yempi eJudiya.
Khona-ke ubaba wakhe uNikea washona ngemuva komsebenzi ogcwele futhi ojabulisayo njengothisha nomcabango, uStephanus noTheron futhi ababenethemba. KweMinnesota - iMinnesotum Mare Clarum.wanquma ukuhamba phambili ezweni lamaGrikhi, ewela iMare Nostrum eGibhithe.
Incwadi II - Ulwandle lwe-Mare Nostrum Lobugqila Nensindiso
Ukuhamba ngomkhumbi wenkululeko
I-Mediterranean yayingeyona amanzi ahlanzekile njengeMare Clarum eMinnesota. Kodwa uStephanus noTheron babesezoqala ngaphesheya kwamanzi ayo anosawoti ukuze bawele ekufuneni kwabo inkululeko ethenjiswe abanye abacabangi nabaziphatha kahle. Amanzi ayeyingozi futhi adume kakhulu, ngokungafani nemifula emihle ethule namachibi asebenza ngokoqobo njengohlelo lokuhamba lweMare Clarum eMinnesota.
Umkhumbi wawulele emanzini ethekwini lasePiraeus njengoba laba bobabili begibela, noTheron esebenza nabasebenzi ukulayisha izimpahla zomndeni ukuze bathuthele eNyakatho Afrika. Amanzi anosawoti eMare Nostrum ayezolile ethekwini lase-Athene futhi ukulayisha kwakungeyona ingozi. Laba bobabili babeyingxenye yabagibeli abambalwa, ohambweni lwasehlobo, okulindeleke ukuthi kuthathe cishe izinsuku eziyisikhombisa, kodwa mhlawumbe isikhathi eside njengoba iMare Nostrum ingase ibe yinkohliso ohambweni olude oluya ethekwini elikhulu lase-Alexandria kanye nokuphepha (okuphephile kuMare Nostrum) kwePharos Lighthouse (enye yezimangaliso eziyisikhombisa zezwe lasendulo). I-Stephanus entourage izosebenzisa itheku lezohwebo, hhayi lezempi.
Noma kunjalo umkhumbi wezimpahla wezohwebo wawuhlomile, yize umzila waseMare Nostrum wawugadwe yimpi yaseRoma. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umkhumbi wawuthwele umthwalo owawuhlanganisa izigqila. Futhi futhi ngoba umgibeli angathwalwa ngokoqobo isigqila lapho umkhumbi uhlaselwa yizigebengu (ababuye basebenzise igama elithi 'Mare Nostrum', 'ulwandle lwethu'! Lesi sikebhe sasithwala onogada abahlomile abaqashwe kulolu hambo futhi babephethe izinkemba neminsalo.
Naphezu kwamakhulu eminyaka ezithembiso ezingenalutho, i-Athene, iGrisi, ngisho nangaphambi kokunqotshwa yiRoma, yayiyisikhungo esichumayo sobugqila, yebo ubugqila. Umbiko (i-Atlas of the Greek World 1980) ngekhulu lesi-5 ngaphambi kukaKristu uthi:
"Ubugqila be-Chattel, ukuthengwa nokuthengiswa kwabantu njengenja noma ifenisha, kufanele bangene ezweni lamaGrikhi ngeChios, kepha abantu baseChios bathi izigqila abazithengayo futhi bazithengise zazingewona amaGreki. Ayikho impi noma i-piracy noma ngisho nokuhlaselwa kwezigqila bekungeke kulondoloze ngempumelelo ubugqila obuhlelekile be-5th C BC ngaphandle kokuhweba okuhleliwe nezimakethe ezihleliwe, futhi ukubaluleka kweChios kungenzeka kube kukhulu.
"E-Athene, izizwe zezigqila zazixubile. U-Aristotle uphawula ukuthi kunoma iyiphi indawo lapho izigqila zaziningi, inhlanganisela yobuhlanga phakathi kwazo yayiyisivikelo esiwusizo sokulwa nokuguqulwa kwezigqila.
"Ukugxila okukhulu kwezigqila kwakuseLaurion ezimayini zesiliva, lapho kwakukhona khona abantu abangu-20,000 kuya ku-30,000, cishe okulingana nabantu abagcwele base-Athene, uhhafu wedolobha elikhulu kakhulu lalesi sikhathi njengeMiletos."
UStephana wayesabheka ethekwini njengoba umkhumbi ulayishiwe. Amanzi angajulile anemibala yewayini ethekwini elizolile akhombisa amagagasi ambalwa njengoba abanye abathengisi beza futhi behamba. Kwakukhona umoya okhohlisayo. Ebheka ogwini, uStephanus wabona uTheron ekhuluma nesinye sezigqila ezilayisha umkhumbi. Kwakubonakala sengathi uyayazi le ndoda.
UStephana waqhubeka nemicabango yakhe. "Asikwazanga ukuqeda ubugqila futhi sisebenzise leli theku noma lo mkhumbi," waphawula. "Mhlawumbe uma ngiphuma olwandle oluvulekile, kuzongihlanza ingqondo yami. Ngijabule kakhulu ukushiya umlando owesabekayo wobugqila base-Athene ngemuva bese ngiya ogwini olukude umoya ongithembise lona eminyakeni edlule.
UTheron wafika kuye. "Joudaios," kusho yena.
"Yini uJoudaios?" kubuza uStephanus. "Joudaios," uTheron waphinda indaba. "UJuudaios igama likamalume wami! Bamnika lelo gama eJudiya ngemva kokuboshwa kwakhe empini. Futhi ulapha, kulo mkhumbi!"
"Kuyathakazelisa kangakanani," kucabanga uStephanus. "Ngiyazibuza ukuthi ngabe kukhona yini owazi ngoJesu engilokhu ngikuzwa ngaye. Sekuphele iminyaka engama-20 selokhu abethelwa esiphambanweni, ngezinhlamvu zesiliva ezingama-30, nokho abalandeli bakhe basacabanga ukuthi uyaphila.
Ngokushesha ngemuva kokubulawa kukaKristu ngamaRoma namaJuda aphikisanayo, umphakathi wamaKristu okuqala eJerusalema waqala ukwakheka, cishe ngo-30 AD. Leli bandla lalivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "iSonto laseJerusalema."
"UJoudaios uqinisekise lokho engangikuzwile e-Athene, ngeSonto laseJerusalema nokuthi basakaza kanjani iVangeli likaJesu, ngisho naphakathi kwezinceku!" kusho uTheron. "Omunye wabaphostoli bakaJesu bangempela, uMarku, ubese-Alexandria iminyaka engaphezu kwemihlanu," kusho uTheron. "Ungumbhishobhi wokuqala wase-Alexandria kanye nomsunguli weSonto lobuKristu lase-Alexandria."
"Ngangizwile ngalelo sonto kubalingani bebhizinisi, kusho uTheron. Umphakathi wamaKrestu ophithizelayo, "kusho uStephanus.
